| プロフィール | 私書箱 受/送/送済 | 評価履歴 共感[受/送] | DB作成履歴 生成/承認/受 | 書き物 [書く] | リンク集 登録有 |
| RSSリーダー登録 |
|---|
| RSS |
| 日記表示スタイル |
| ホームページ型/携帯 画像/動画/音声/リンク |
| 表示開始年月 |
| 日記内検索 |
| 分類 |
| 全て 1.このサイトについて 2.作品DB開発/運用 3.ホームページ制作技術 4.Perl 5.C++ 6.検索エンジンレポート 7.サッカー 8.自分のこと 9.Linux 10.旅行 11.思ったこと 12.Berkeley DB 13.その他技術系 14.企画 15.スマートフォン 16.自分限定メモ 17.運用マニュアル(自分用) 18.技術系以外実用書 19.料理 20.ALEXA 21.アニメ 22.会計 23.プログラミング全般 24.設計書 |
| 挨拶 ここは accessup.org の管理人さん のページです。 サイトに関する お問い合わせは こちからから 日記の内容 日記では主に ・サイト運営/開発 ・検索エンジン情報 ・技術ネタ(Berkeley DB, Linux, Perl, サイト作成等) を扱っています。 お気に入りPV Blackmore's nightの Magical world (ロミオとジュリエットの歌) サイト内管理系ショートカット 1.定期更新処理 2.英語版Myページ 3.未処理削除提案 4.承認待ち提案 5.日々のタスクチェック 思い付きメモ [サイト作成での心構え] ・孤独死させない ・リアルタイムに変化させる 気に入った言葉集 [ビジョン] 無いものに 気付くことができる [対人] 士は己を知る者 のために死す [仕事] 日々1%の改善は 年37倍の改善 2人の日々1%の改善は 37x37=年1427倍の改善 組織の改善は大きい Noと言わなければ 優先順位は決定できない Noの言い方には色々ある ・優先順位 ・時間ができたら ・他人に依頼 ・次期にやる ・絶対駄目 [ビジネス] 必ず1位を取れるところで勝負 2位はつまりは敗北 [組織] 人が好きな人が必要 PMは方法論より チームに注力すべき 自己決定的であることが重要 [経営] 戦略は道標だから 敵や状況で変わらないもの にする(右往左往しない) 変えるのは戦略ではなく戦術 経営者は他は劣っても 熱意・情熱だけは最高 でなければならない [生活] 家族は自分が守るべき 最小の単位 良い習慣を身に付ける鍵は 何度も実践すること 現代の生活は時間の浪費 に満ちている [人生] 日々の生活の中で 目標を見失わないこと 補足 この日記の左メニューは Myページの 自分のページをカスタマイズ から設定可能 |
1. 前書き
  1. 目的
  2. DB_File.pm
2. perldoc出力結果
  1. NAME
  2. SYNOPSIS
  3. DESCRIPTION
  4. DB_HASH
  5. DB_BTREE
  6. DB_RECNO
  7. THE API INTERFACE
  8. DBM FILTERS
  9. HINTS AND TIPS
  10. COMMON QUESTIONS
  11. REFERENCES
  12. HISTORY
  13. BUGS
  14. AVAILABILITY
  15. COPYRIGHT
  16. SEE ALSO
  17. AUTHOR
よく使うperlのモジュールのperldoc出力結果をaccessup.orgの日記の項目付け機能を使って使い易くメモしておこうと思う。
この記事で取り扱うのはDB_File.pm。
直接これを使うことはなく、自分はDB_File::Wrapperというモジュールを経由して使っている。
オプションを覚えるのが面倒な為作った。
DB_File - Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
use DB_File;
[$X =] tie %hash, 'DB_File', [$filename, $flags, $mode, $DB_HASH] ;
[$X =] tie %hash, 'DB_File', $filename, $flags, $mode, $DB_BTREE ;
[$X =] tie @array, 'DB_File', $filename, $flags, $mode, $DB_RECNO ;
$status = $X->del($key [, $flags]) ;
$status = $X->put($key, $value [, $flags]) ;
$status = $X->get($key, $value [, $flags]) ;
$status = $X->seq($key, $value, $flags) ;
$status = $X->sync([$flags]) ;
$status = $X->fd ;
# BTREE only
$count = $X->get_dup($key) ;
@list = $X->get_dup($key) ;
%list = $X->get_dup($key, 1) ;
$status = $X->find_dup($key, $value) ;
$status = $X->del_dup($key, $value) ;
# RECNO only
$a = $X->length;
$a = $X->pop ;
$X->push(list);
$a = $X->shift;
$X->unshift(list);
@r = $X->splice(offset, length, elements);
# DBM Filters
$old_filter = $db->filter_store_key ( sub { ... } ) ;
$old_filter = $db->filter_store_value( sub { ... } ) ;
$old_filter = $db->filter_fetch_key ( sub { ... } ) ;
$old_filter = $db->filter_fetch_value( sub { ... } ) ;
untie %hash ;
untie @array ;
DB_File is a module which allows Perl programs to make use of the
facilities provided by Berkeley DB version 1.x (if you have a newer
version of DB, see "Using DB_File with Berkeley DB version 2 or
greater"). It is assumed that you have a copy of the Berkeley DB manual
pages at hand when reading this documentation. The interface defined
here mirrors the Berkeley DB interface closely.
Berkeley DB is a C library which provides a consistent interface to a
number of database formats. DB_File provides an interface to all three
of the database types currently supported by Berkeley DB.
The file types are:
DB_HASH
This database type allows arbitrary key/value pairs to be stored in
data files. This is equivalent to the functionality provided by
other hashing packages like DBM, NDBM, ODBM, GDBM, and SDBM.
Remember though, the files created using DB_HASH are not compatible
with any of the other packages mentioned.
A default hashing algorithm, which will be adequate for most
applications, is built into Berkeley DB. If you do need to use your
own hashing algorithm it is possible to write your own in Perl and
have DB_File use it instead.
DB_BTREE
The btree format allows arbitrary key/value pairs to be stored in a
sorted, balanced binary tree.
As with the DB_HASH format, it is possible to provide a user
defined Perl routine to perform the comparison of keys. By default,
though, the keys are stored in lexical order.
DB_RECNO
DB_RECNO allows both fixed-length and variable-length flat text
files to be manipulated using the same key/value pair interface as
in DB_HASH and DB_BTREE. In this case the key will consist of a
record (line) number.
Using DB_File with Berkeley DB version 2 or greater
Although DB_File is intended to be used with Berkeley DB version 1, it
can also be used with version 2, 3 or 4. In this case the interface is
limited to the functionality provided by Berkeley DB 1.x. Anywhere the
version 2 or greater interface differs, DB_File arranges for it to work
like version 1. This feature allows DB_File scripts that were built with
version 1 to be migrated to version 2 or greater without any changes.
If you want to make use of the new features available in Berkeley DB 2.x
or greater, use the Perl module BerkeleyDB instead.
Note: The database file format has changed multiple times in Berkeley DB
version 2, 3 and 4. If you cannot recreate your databases, you must dump
any existing databases with either the "db_dump" or the "db_dump185"
utility that comes with Berkeley DB. Once you have rebuilt DB_File to
use Berkeley DB version 2 or greater, your databases can be recreated
using "db_load". Refer to the Berkeley DB documentation for further
details.
Please read "COPYRIGHT" before using version 2.x or greater of Berkeley
DB with DB_File.
Interface to Berkeley DB
DB_File allows access to Berkeley DB files using the tie() mechanism in
Perl 5 (for full details, see "tie()" in perlfunc). This facility allows
DB_File to access Berkeley DB files using either an associative array
(for DB_HASH & DB_BTREE file types) or an ordinary array (for the
DB_RECNO file type).
In addition to the tie() interface, it is also possible to access most
of the functions provided in the Berkeley DB API directly. See "THE API
INTERFACE".
Opening a Berkeley DB Database File
Berkeley DB uses the function dbopen() to open or create a database.
Here is the C prototype for dbopen():
DB*
dbopen (const char * file, int flags, int mode,
DBTYPE type, const void * openinfo)
The parameter "type" is an enumeration which specifies which of the 3
interface methods (DB_HASH, DB_BTREE or DB_RECNO) is to be used.
Depending on which of these is actually chosen, the final parameter,
*openinfo* points to a data structure which allows tailoring of the
specific interface method.
This interface is handled slightly differently in DB_File. Here is an
equivalent call using DB_File:
tie %array, 'DB_File', $filename, $flags, $mode, $DB_HASH ;
The "filename", "flags" and "mode" parameters are the direct equivalent
of their dbopen() counterparts. The final parameter $DB_HASH performs
the function of both the "type" and "openinfo" parameters in dbopen().
In the example above $DB_HASH is actually a pre-defined reference to a
hash object. DB_File has three of these pre-defined references. Apart
from $DB_HASH, there is also $DB_BTREE and $DB_RECNO.
The keys allowed in each of these pre-defined references is limited to
the names used in the equivalent C structure. So, for example, the
$DB_HASH reference will only allow keys called "bsize", "cachesize",
"ffactor", "hash", "lorder" and "nelem".
To change one of these elements, just assign to it like this:
$DB_HASH->{'cachesize'} = 10000 ;
The three predefined variables $DB_HASH, $DB_BTREE and $DB_RECNO are
usually adequate for most applications. If you do need to create extra
instances of these objects, constructors are available for each file
type.
Here are examples of the constructors and the valid options available
for DB_HASH, DB_BTREE and DB_RECNO respectively.
$a = new DB_File::HASHINFO ;
$a->{'bsize'} ;
$a->{'cachesize'} ;
$a->{'ffactor'};
$a->{'hash'} ;
$a->{'lorder'} ;
$a->{'nelem'} ;
$b = new DB_File::BTREEINFO ;
$b->{'flags'} ;
$b->{'cachesize'} ;
$b->{'maxkeypage'} ;
$b->{'minkeypage'} ;
$b->{'psize'} ;
$b->{'compare'} ;
$b->{'prefix'} ;
$b->{'lorder'} ;
$c = new DB_File::RECNOINFO ;
$c->{'bval'} ;
$c->{'cachesize'} ;
$c->{'psize'} ;
$c->{'flags'} ;
$c->{'lorder'} ;
$c->{'reclen'} ;
$c->{'bfname'} ;
The values stored in the hashes above are mostly the direct equivalent
of their C counterpart. Like their C counterparts, all are set to a
default values - that means you don't have to set *all* of the values
when you only want to change one. Here is an example:
$a = new DB_File::HASHINFO ;
$a->{'cachesize'} = 12345 ;
tie %y, 'DB_File', "filename", $flags, 0777, $a ;
A few of the options need extra discussion here. When used, the C
equivalent of the keys "hash", "compare" and "prefix" store pointers to
C functions. In DB_File these keys are used to store references to Perl
subs. Below are templates for each of the subs:
sub hash
{
my ($data) = @_ ;
...
# return the hash value for $data
return $hash ;
}
sub compare
{
my ($key, $key2) = @_ ;
...
# return 0 if $key1 eq $key2
# -1 if $key1 lt $key2
# 1 if $key1 gt $key2
return (-1 , 0 or 1) ;
}
sub prefix
{
my ($key, $key2) = @_ ;
...
# return number of bytes of $key2 which are
# necessary to determine that it is greater than $key1
return $bytes ;
}
See "Changing the BTREE sort order" for an example of using the
"compare" template.
If you are using the DB_RECNO interface and you intend making use of
"bval", you should check out "The 'bval' Option".
Default Parameters
It is possible to omit some or all of the final 4 parameters in the call
to "tie" and let them take default values. As DB_HASH is the most common
file format used, the call:
tie %A, "DB_File", "filename" ;
is equivalent to:
tie %A, "DB_File", "filename", O_CREAT|O_RDWR, 0666, $DB_HASH ;
It is also possible to omit the filename parameter as well, so the call:
tie %A, "DB_File" ;
is equivalent to:
tie %A, "DB_File", undef, O_CREAT|O_RDWR, 0666, $DB_HASH ;
See "In Memory Databases" for a discussion on the use of "undef" in
place of a filename.
In Memory Databases
Berkeley DB allows the creation of in-memory databases by using NULL
(that is, a "(char *)0" in C) in place of the filename. DB_File uses
"undef" instead of NULL to provide this functionality.
The DB_HASH file format is probably the most commonly used of the three
file formats that DB_File supports. It is also very straightforward to
use.
A Simple Example
This example shows how to create a database, add key/value pairs to the
database, delete keys/value pairs and finally how to enumerate the
contents of the database.
use warnings ;
use strict ;
use DB_File ;
our (%h, $k, $v) ;
unlink "fruit" ;
tie %h, "DB_File", "fruit", O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0666, $DB_HASH
or die "Cannot open file 'fruit': $!\n";
# Add a few key/value pairs to the file
$h{"apple"} = "red" ;
$h{"orange"} = "orange" ;
$h{"banana"} = "yellow" ;
$h{"tomato"} = "red" ;
# Check for existence of a key
print "Banana Exists\n\n" if $h{"banana"} ;
# Delete a key/value pair.
delete $h{"apple"} ;
# print the contents of the file
while (($k, $v) = each %h)
{ print "$k -> $v\n" }
untie %h ;
here is the output:
Banana Exists
orange -> orange
tomato -> red
banana -> yellow
Note that the like ordinary associative arrays, the order of the keys
retrieved is in an apparently random order.
The DB_BTREE format is useful when you want to store data in a given
order. By default the keys will be stored in lexical order, but as you
will see from the example shown in the next section, it is very easy to
define your own sorting function.
Changing the BTREE sort order
This script shows how to override the default sorting algorithm that
BTREE uses. Instead of using the normal lexical ordering, a case
insensitive compare function will be used.
use warnings ;
use strict ;
use DB_File ;
my %h ;
sub Compare
{
my ($key1, $key2) = @_ ;
"\L$key1" cmp "\L$key2" ;
}
# specify the Perl sub that will do the comparison
$DB_BTREE->{'compare'} = \&Compare ;
unlink "tree" ;
tie %h, "DB_File", "tree", O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0666, $DB_BTREE
or die "Cannot open file 'tree': $!\n" ;
# Add a key/value pair to the file
$h{'Wall'} = 'Larry' ;
$h{'Smith'} = 'John' ;
$h{'mouse'} = 'mickey' ;
$h{'duck'} = 'donald' ;
# Delete
delete $h{"duck"} ;
# Cycle through the keys printing them in order.
# Note it is not necessary to sort the keys as
# the btree will have kept them in order automatically.
foreach (keys %h)
{ print "$_\n" }
untie %h ;
Here is the output from the code above.
mouse
Smith
Wall
There are a few point to bear in mind if you want to change the ordering
in a BTREE database:
1. The new compare function must be specified when you create the
database.
2. You cannot change the ordering once the database has been created.
Thus you must use the same compare function every time you access
the database.
3 Duplicate keys are entirely defined by the comparison function. In
the case-insensitive example above, the keys: 'KEY' and 'key' would
be considered duplicates, and assigning to the second one would
overwrite the first. If duplicates are allowed for (with the R_DUP
flag discussed below), only a single copy of duplicate keys is
stored in the database --- so (again with example above) assigning
three values to the keys: 'KEY', 'Key', and 'key' would leave just
the first key: 'KEY' in the database with three values. For some
situations this results in information loss, so care should be
taken to provide fully qualified comparison functions when
necessary. For example, the above comparison routine could be
modified to additionally compare case-sensitively if two keys are
equal in the case insensitive comparison:
sub compare {
my($key1, $key2) = @_;
lc $key1 cmp lc $key2 ||
$key1 cmp $key2;
}
And now you will only have duplicates when the keys themselves are
truly the same. (note: in versions of the db library prior to about
November 1996, such duplicate keys were retained so it was possible
to recover the original keys in sets of keys that compared as
equal).
Handling Duplicate Keys
The BTREE file type optionally allows a single key to be associated with
an arbitrary number of values. This option is enabled by setting the
flags element of $DB_BTREE to R_DUP when creating the database.
There are some difficulties in using the tied hash interface if you want
to manipulate a BTREE database with duplicate keys. Consider this code:
use warnings ;
use strict ;
use DB_File ;
my ($filename, %h) ;
$filename = "tree" ;
unlink $filename ;
# Enable duplicate records
$DB_BTREE->{'flags'} = R_DUP ;
tie %h, "DB_File", $filename, O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0666, $DB_BTREE
or die "Cannot open $filename: $!\n";
# Add some key/value pairs to the file
$h{'Wall'} = 'Larry' ;
$h{'Wall'} = 'Brick' ; # Note the duplicate key
$h{'Wall'} = 'Brick' ; # Note the duplicate key and value
$h{'Smith'} = 'John' ;
$h{'mouse'} = 'mickey' ;
# iterate through the associative array
# and print each key/value pair.
foreach (sort keys %h)
{ print "$_ -> $h{$_}\n" }
untie %h ;
Here is the output:
Smith -> John
Wall -> Larry
Wall -> Larry
Wall -> Larry
mouse -> mickey
As you can see 3 records have been successfully created with key "Wall"
- the only thing is, when they are retrieved from the database they
*seem* to have the same value, namely "Larry". The problem is caused by
the way that the associative array interface works. Basically, when the
associative array interface is used to fetch the value associated with a
given key, it will only ever retrieve the first value.
Although it may not be immediately obvious from the code above, the
associative array interface can be used to write values with duplicate
keys, but it cannot be used to read them back from the database.
The way to get around this problem is to use the Berkeley DB API method
called "seq". This method allows sequential access to key/value pairs.
See "THE API INTERFACE" for details of both the "seq" method and the API
in general.
Here is the script above rewritten using the "seq" API method.
use warnings ;
use strict ;
use DB_File ;
my ($filename, $x, %h, $status, $key, $value) ;
$filename = "tree" ;
unlink $filename ;
# Enable duplicate records
$DB_BTREE->{'flags'} = R_DUP ;
$x = tie %h, "DB_File", $filename, O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0666, $DB_BTREE
or die "Cannot open $filename: $!\n";
# Add some key/value pairs to the file
$h{'Wall'} = 'Larry' ;
$h{'Wall'} = 'Brick' ; # Note the duplicate key
$h{'Wall'} = 'Brick' ; # Note the duplicate key and value
$h{'Smith'} = 'John' ;
$h{'mouse'} = 'mickey' ;
# iterate through the btree using seq
# and print each key/value pair.
$key = $value = 0 ;
for ($status = $x->seq($key, $value, R_FIRST) ;
$status == 0 ;
$status = $x->seq($key, $value, R_NEXT) )
{ print "$key -> $value\n" }
undef $x ;
untie %h ;
that prints:
Smith -> John
Wall -> Brick
Wall -> Brick
Wall -> Larry
mouse -> mickey
This time we have got all the key/value pairs, including the multiple
values associated with the key "Wall".
To make life easier when dealing with duplicate keys, DB_File comes with
a few utility methods.
The get_dup() Method
The "get_dup" method assists in reading duplicate values from BTREE
databases. The method can take the following forms:
$count = $x->get_dup($key) ;
@list = $x->get_dup($key) ;
%list = $x->get_dup($key, 1) ;
In a scalar context the method returns the number of values associated
with the key, $key.
In list context, it returns all the values which match $key. Note that
the values will be returned in an apparently random order.
In list context, if the second parameter is present and evaluates TRUE,
the method returns an associative array. The keys of the associative
array correspond to the values that matched in the BTREE and the values
of the array are a count of the number of times that particular value
occurred in the BTREE.
So assuming the database created above, we can use "get_dup" like this:
use warnings ;
use strict ;
use DB_File ;
my ($filename, $x, %h) ;
$filename = "tree" ;
# Enable duplicate records
$DB_BTREE->{'flags'} = R_DUP ;
$x = tie %h, "DB_File", $filename, O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0666, $DB_BTREE
or die "Cannot open $filename: $!\n";
my $cnt = $x->get_dup("Wall") ;
print "Wall occurred $cnt times\n" ;
my %hash = $x->get_dup("Wall", 1) ;
print "Larry is there\n" if $hash{'Larry'} ;
print "There are $hash{'Brick'} Brick Walls\n" ;
my @list = sort $x->get_dup("Wall") ;
print "Wall => [@list]\n" ;
@list = $x->get_dup("Smith") ;
print "Smith => [@list]\n" ;
@list = $x->get_dup("Dog") ;
print "Dog => [@list]\n" ;
and it will print:
Wall occurred 3 times
Larry is there
There are 2 Brick Walls
Wall => [Brick Brick Larry]
Smith => [John]
Dog => []
The find_dup() Method
$status = $X->find_dup($key, $value) ;
This method checks for the existence of a specific key/value pair. If
the pair exists, the cursor is left pointing to the pair and the method
returns 0. Otherwise the method returns a non-zero value.
Assuming the database from the previous example:
use warnings ;
use strict ;
use DB_File ;
my ($filename, $x, %h, $found) ;
$filename = "tree" ;
# Enable duplicate records
$DB_BTREE->{'flags'} = R_DUP ;
$x = tie %h, "DB_File", $filename, O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0666, $DB_BTREE
or die "Cannot open $filename: $!\n";
$found = ( $x->find_dup("Wall", "Larry") == 0 ? "" : "not") ;
print "Larry Wall is $found there\n" ;
$found = ( $x->find_dup("Wall", "Harry") == 0 ? "" : "not") ;
print "Harry Wall is $found there\n" ;
undef $x ;
untie %h ;
prints this
Larry Wall is there
Harry Wall is not there
The del_dup() Method
$status = $X->del_dup($key, $value) ;
This method deletes a specific key/value pair. It returns 0 if they
exist and have been deleted successfully. Otherwise the method returns a
non-zero value.
Again assuming the existence of the "tree" database
use warnings ;
use strict ;
use DB_File ;
my ($filename, $x, %h, $found) ;
$filename = "tree" ;
# Enable duplicate records
$DB_BTREE->{'flags'} = R_DUP ;
$x = tie %h, "DB_File", $filename, O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0666, $DB_BTREE
or die "Cannot open $filename: $!\n";
$x->del_dup("Wall", "Larry") ;
$found = ( $x->find_dup("Wall", "Larry") == 0 ? "" : "not") ;
print "Larry Wall is $found there\n" ;
undef $x ;
untie %h ;
prints this
Larry Wall is not there
Matching Partial Keys
The BTREE interface has a feature which allows partial keys to be
matched. This functionality is *only* available when the "seq" method is
used along with the R_CURSOR flag.
$x->seq($key, $value, R_CURSOR) ;
Here is the relevant quote from the dbopen man page where it defines the
use of the R_CURSOR flag with seq:
Note, for the DB_BTREE access method, the returned key is not
necessarily an exact match for the specified key. The returned key
is the smallest key greater than or equal to the specified key,
permitting partial key matches and range searches.
In the example script below, the "match" sub uses this feature to find
and print the first matching key/value pair given a partial key.
use warnings ;
use strict ;
use DB_File ;
use Fcntl ;
my ($filename, $x, %h, $st, $key, $value) ;
sub match
{
my $key = shift ;
my $value = 0;
my $orig_key = $key ;
$x->seq($key, $value, R_CURSOR) ;
print "$orig_key\t-> $key\t-> $value\n" ;
}
$filename = "tree" ;
unlink $filename ;
$x = tie %h, "DB_File", $filename, O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0666, $DB_BTREE
or die "Cannot open $filename: $!\n";
# Add some key/value pairs to the file
$h{'mouse'} = 'mickey' ;
$h{'Wall'} = 'Larry' ;
$h{'Walls'} = 'Brick' ;
$h{'Smith'} = 'John' ;
$key = $value = 0 ;
print "IN ORDER\n" ;
for ($st = $x->seq($key, $value, R_FIRST) ;
$st == 0 ;
$st = $x->seq($key, $value, R_NEXT) )
{ print "$key -> $value\n" }
print "\nPARTIAL MATCH\n" ;
match "Wa" ;
match "A" ;
match "a" ;
undef $x ;
untie %h ;
Here is the output:
IN ORDER
Smith -> John
Wall -> Larry
Walls -> Brick
mouse -> mickey
PARTIAL MATCH
Wa -> Wall -> Larry
A -> Smith -> John
a -> mouse -> mickey
DB_RECNO provides an interface to flat text files. Both variable and
fixed length records are supported.
In order to make RECNO more compatible with Perl, the array offset for
all RECNO arrays begins at 0 rather than 1 as in Berkeley DB.
As with normal Perl arrays, a RECNO array can be accessed using negative
indexes. The index -1 refers to the last element of the array, -2 the
second last, and so on. Attempting to access an element before the start
of the array will raise a fatal run-time error.
The 'bval' Option
The operation of the bval option warrants some discussion. Here is the
definition of bval from the Berkeley DB 1.85 recno manual page:
The delimiting byte to be used to mark the end of a
record for variable-length records, and the pad charac-
ter for fixed-length records. If no value is speci-
fied, newlines (``\n'') are used to mark the end of
variable-length records and fixed-length records are
padded with spaces.
The second sentence is wrong. In actual fact bval will only default to
"\n" when the openinfo parameter in dbopen is NULL. If a non-NULL
openinfo parameter is used at all, the value that happens to be in bval
will be used. That means you always have to specify bval when making use
of any of the options in the openinfo parameter. This documentation
error will be fixed in the next release of Berkeley DB.
That clarifies the situation with regards Berkeley DB itself. What about
DB_File? Well, the behavior defined in the quote above is quite useful,
so DB_File conforms to it.
That means that you can specify other options (e.g. cachesize) and still
have bval default to "\n" for variable length records, and space for
fixed length records.
Also note that the bval option only allows you to specify a single byte
as a delimiter.
A Simple Example
Here is a simple example that uses RECNO (if you are using a version of
Perl earlier than 5.004_57 this example won't work -- see "Extra RECNO
Methods" for a workaround).
use warnings ;
use strict ;
use DB_File ;
my $filename = "text" ;
unlink $filename ;
my @h ;
tie @h, "DB_File", $filename, O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0666, $DB_RECNO
or die "Cannot open file 'text': $!\n" ;
# Add a few key/value pairs to the file
$h[0] = "orange" ;
$h[1] = "blue" ;
$h[2] = "yellow" ;
push @h, "green", "black" ;
my $elements = scalar @h ;
print "The array contains $elements entries\n" ;
my $last = pop @h ;
print "popped $last\n" ;
unshift @h, "white" ;
my $first = shift @h ;
print "shifted $first\n" ;
# Check for existence of a key
print "Element 1 Exists with value $h[1]\n" if $h[1] ;
# use a negative index
print "The last element is $h[-1]\n" ;
print "The 2nd last element is $h[-2]\n" ;
untie @h ;
Here is the output from the script:
The array contains 5 entries
popped black
shifted white
Element 1 Exists with value blue
The last element is green
The 2nd last element is yellow
Extra RECNO Methods
If you are using a version of Perl earlier than 5.004_57, the tied array
interface is quite limited. In the example script above "push", "pop",
"shift", "unshift" or determining the array length will not work with a
tied array.
To make the interface more useful for older versions of Perl, a number
of methods are supplied with DB_File to simulate the missing array
operations. All these methods are accessed via the object returned from
the tie call.
Here are the methods:
$X->push(list) ;
Pushes the elements of "list" to the end of the array.
$value = $X->pop ;
Removes and returns the last element of the array.
$X->shift
Removes and returns the first element of the array.
$X->unshift(list) ;
Pushes the elements of "list" to the start of the array.
$X->length
Returns the number of elements in the array.
$X->splice(offset, length, elements);
Returns a splice of the array.
Another Example
Here is a more complete example that makes use of some of the methods
described above. It also makes use of the API interface directly (see
"THE API INTERFACE").
use warnings ;
use strict ;
my (@h, $H, $file, $i) ;
use DB_File ;
use Fcntl ;
$file = "text" ;
unlink $file ;
$H = tie @h, "DB_File", $file, O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0666, $DB_RECNO
or die "Cannot open file $file: $!\n" ;
# first create a text file to play with
$h[0] = "zero" ;
$h[1] = "one" ;
$h[2] = "two" ;
$h[3] = "three" ;
$h[4] = "four" ;
# Print the records in order.
#
# The length method is needed here because evaluating a tied
# array in a scalar context does not return the number of
# elements in the array.
print "\nORIGINAL\n" ;
foreach $i (0 .. $H->length - 1) {
print "$i: $h[$i]\n" ;
}
# use the push & pop methods
$a = $H->pop ;
$H->push("last") ;
print "\nThe last record was [$a]\n" ;
# and the shift & unshift methods
$a = $H->shift ;
$H->unshift("first") ;
print "The first record was [$a]\n" ;
# Use the API to add a new record after record 2.
$i = 2 ;
$H->put($i, "Newbie", R_IAFTER) ;
# and a new record before record 1.
$i = 1 ;
$H->put($i, "New One", R_IBEFORE) ;
# delete record 3
$H->del(3) ;
# now print the records in reverse order
print "\nREVERSE\n" ;
for ($i = $H->length - 1 ; $i >= 0 ; -- $i)
{ print "$i: $h[$i]\n" }
# same again, but use the API functions instead
print "\nREVERSE again\n" ;
my ($s, $k, $v) = (0, 0, 0) ;
for ($s = $H->seq($k, $v, R_LAST) ;
$s == 0 ;
$s = $H->seq($k, $v, R_PREV))
{ print "$k: $v\n" }
undef $H ;
untie @h ;
and this is what it outputs:
ORIGINAL
0: zero
1: one
2: two
3: three
4: four
The last record was [four]
The first record was [zero]
REVERSE
5: last
4: three
3: Newbie
2: one
1: New One
0: first
REVERSE again
5: last
4: three
3: Newbie
2: one
1: New One
0: first
Notes:
1. Rather than iterating through the array, @h like this:
foreach $i (@h)
it is necessary to use either this:
foreach $i (0 .. $H->length - 1)
or this:
for ($a = $H->get($k, $v, R_FIRST) ;
$a == 0 ;
$a = $H->get($k, $v, R_NEXT) )
2. Notice that both times the "put" method was used the record index
was specified using a variable, $i, rather than the literal value
itself. This is because "put" will return the record number of the
inserted line via that parameter.
As well as accessing Berkeley DB using a tied hash or array, it is also
possible to make direct use of most of the API functions defined in the
Berkeley DB documentation.
To do this you need to store a copy of the object returned from the tie.
$db = tie %hash, "DB_File", "filename" ;
Once you have done that, you can access the Berkeley DB API functions as
DB_File methods directly like this:
$db->put($key, $value, R_NOOVERWRITE) ;
Important: If you have saved a copy of the object returned from "tie",
the underlying database file will *not* be closed until both the tied
variable is untied and all copies of the saved object are destroyed.
use DB_File ;
$db = tie %hash, "DB_File", "filename"
or die "Cannot tie filename: $!" ;
...
undef $db ;
untie %hash ;
See "The untie() Gotcha" for more details.
All the functions defined in dbopen are available except for close() and
dbopen() itself. The DB_File method interface to the supported functions
have been implemented to mirror the way Berkeley DB works whenever
possible. In particular note that:
* The methods return a status value. All return 0 on success. All
return -1 to signify an error and set $! to the exact error code.
The return code 1 generally (but not always) means that the key
specified did not exist in the database.
Other return codes are defined. See below and in the Berkeley DB
documentation for details. The Berkeley DB documentation should be
used as the definitive source.
* Whenever a Berkeley DB function returns data via one of its
parameters, the equivalent DB_File method does exactly the same.
* If you are careful, it is possible to mix API calls with the tied
hash/array interface in the same piece of code. Although only a few
of the methods used to implement the tied interface currently make
use of the cursor, you should always assume that the cursor has
been changed any time the tied hash/array interface is used. As an
example, this code will probably not do what you expect:
$X = tie %x, 'DB_File', $filename, O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0777, $DB_BTREE
or die "Cannot tie $filename: $!" ;
# Get the first key/value pair and set the cursor
$X->seq($key, $value, R_FIRST) ;
# this line will modify the cursor
$count = scalar keys %x ;
# Get the second key/value pair.
# oops, it didn't, it got the last key/value pair!
$X->seq($key, $value, R_NEXT) ;
The code above can be rearranged to get around the problem, like
this:
$X = tie %x, 'DB_File', $filename, O_RDWR|O_CREAT, 0777, $DB_BTREE
or die "Cannot tie $filename: $!" ;
# this line will modify the cursor
$count = scalar keys %x ;
# Get the first key/value pair and set the cursor
$X->seq($key, $value, R_FIRST) ;
# Get the second key/value pair.
# worked this time.
$X->seq($key, $value, R_NEXT) ;
All the constants defined in dbopen for use in the flags parameters in
the methods defined below are also available. Refer to the Berkeley DB
documentation for the precise meaning of the flags values.
Below is a list of the methods available.
$status = $X->get($key, $value [, $flags]) ;
Given a key ($key) this method reads the value associated with it
from the database. The value read from the database is returned in
the $value parameter.
If the key does not exist the method returns 1.
No flags are currently defined for this method.
$status = $X->put($key, $value [, $flags]) ;
Stores the key/value pair in the database.
If you use either the R_IAFTER or R_IBEFORE flags, the $key
parameter will have the record number of the inserted key/value
pair set.
Valid flags are R_CURSOR, R_IAFTER, R_IBEFORE, R_NOOVERWRITE and
R_SETCURSOR.
$status = $X->del($key [, $flags]) ;
Removes all key/value pairs with key $key from the database.
A return code of 1 means that the requested key was not in the
database.
R_CURSOR is the only valid flag at present.
$status = $X->fd ;
Returns the file descriptor for the underlying database.
See "Locking: The Trouble with fd" for an explanation for why you
should not use "fd" to lock your database.
$status = $X->seq($key, $value, $flags) ;
This interface allows sequential retrieval from the database. See
dbopen for full details.
Both the $key and $value parameters will be set to the key/value
pair read from the database.
The flags parameter is mandatory. The valid flag values are
R_CURSOR, R_FIRST, R_LAST, R_NEXT and R_PREV.
$status = $X->sync([$flags]) ;
Flushes any cached buffers to disk.
R_RECNOSYNC is the only valid flag at present.
A DBM Filter is a piece of code that is be used when you *always* want
to make the same transformation to all keys and/or values in a DBM
database.
There are four methods associated with DBM Filters. All work
identically, and each is used to install (or uninstall) a single DBM
Filter. Each expects a single parameter, namely a reference to a sub.
The only difference between them is the place that the filter is
installed.
To summarise:
filter_store_key
If a filter has been installed with this method, it will be invoked
every time you write a key to a DBM database.
filter_store_value
If a filter has been installed with this method, it will be invoked
every time you write a value to a DBM database.
filter_fetch_key
If a filter has been installed with this method, it will be invoked
every time you read a key from a DBM database.
filter_fetch_value
If a filter has been installed with this method, it will be invoked
every time you read a value from a DBM database.
You can use any combination of the methods, from none, to all four.
All filter methods return the existing filter, if present, or "undef" in
not.
To delete a filter pass "undef" to it.
The Filter
When each filter is called by Perl, a local copy of $_ will contain the
key or value to be filtered. Filtering is achieved by modifying the
contents of $_. The return code from the filter is ignored.
An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
Consider the following scenario. You have a DBM database that you need
to share with a third-party C application. The C application assumes
that *all* keys and values are NULL terminated. Unfortunately when Perl
writes to DBM databases it doesn't use NULL termination, so your Perl
application will have to manage NULL termination itself. When you write
to the database you will have to use something like this:
$hash{"$key\0"} = "$value\0" ;
Similarly the NULL needs to be taken into account when you are
considering the length of existing keys/values.
It would be much better if you could ignore the NULL terminations issue
in the main application code and have a mechanism that automatically
added the terminating NULL to all keys and values whenever you write to
the database and have them removed when you read from the database. As
I'm sure you have already guessed, this is a problem that DBM Filters
can fix very easily.
use warnings ;
use strict ;
use DB_File ;
my %hash ;
my $filename = "filt" ;
unlink $filename ;
my $db = tie %hash, 'DB_File', $filename, O_CREAT|O_RDWR, 0666, $DB_HASH
or die "Cannot open $filename: $!\n" ;
# Install DBM Filters
$db->filter_fetch_key ( sub { s/\0$// } ) ;
$db->filter_store_key ( sub { $_ .= "\0" } ) ;
$db->filter_fetch_value( sub { s/\0$// } ) ;
$db->filter_store_value( sub { $_ .= "\0" } ) ;
$hash{"abc"} = "def" ;
my $a = $hash{"ABC"} ;
# ...
undef $db ;
untie %hash ;
Hopefully the contents of each of the filters should be
self-explanatory. Both "fetch" filters remove the terminating NULL, and
both "store" filters add a terminating NULL.
Another Example -- Key is a C int.
Here is another real-life example. By default, whenever Perl writes to a
DBM database it always writes the key and value as strings. So when you
&nbs